SOCIAL PARANORMAL NETWORK – NEWS JOURNAL

SPIRITUAL INTELLECTUALS TRAIL LEAVING A PATH FOR OTHERS TO FIND:

SPIRITUALITY TIMELINE

1600’s

Jakob Bohme (1575-1624
GW Leibniz (1646-1716)

1700”s

Immanuel Kant (1724-1804)
JB Robinet (135-1820
Johan Wolfgang Von Goethe (1739-1820)
JG Fichte (1762-1814)

1800’s

FWJ Schelling (1775-1854)
GWF Hegel (1770-1831)
Lorenz Oken (1779-1851)
Arthur Schopenhauer (1788-18 60)
Ralph Waldo Emerson (1803-1882)
Alfred Russell Wallace (1823-1913)
Helena Blavatsky (1831-1891)

1900’s

Richard M Burke (1827-1902)
William James (1842-1910
Henri Bergson (1859-1941)
Rudolf Steiner (1861-1925)
Alfred North Whitehead (1861-1947)
Swami Vivekananda (1863-1902)
Sri Aurobindo (1872-1950)
The Mother, French Mystic (1878-1973
Alice Bailey (1880-1949)
Pierre Teilhard de Chardin (1881-1955)
Julian Huxley (1887-1975)
Sarvepalli Radhadkrishnan (1888-1975)
Gerald Heard (1889-1971)
Dane Rudyard (1905-1973)
Jean Gebser (190 5-1973)
Arthur M Young (1905-1995)

2000’s

Andrew Cohen
Benjamin Crème
Ken Wilber
Don Edward Beck, Ph.D.
Theresa J Thurmond Morris
And many more …America, economy, change, ET, UFO, business, dreams, imagination, reality, 2012, crop circles, national debt, species, technology, global, community, science, technology, economics, computer, Internet, TJ Thurmond Morris

A global awareness story prior to 2012 with a past life experience and mind expansion.

This is my real spiritual experience story recorded prior to 2012. I believe in spiritual awareness and that our mind expansion is due to our chosen truths that we accept as memories. I also believe that the only part of life we take with us when we leave is carried in our spiritual mind as energy plasma back to our immortal souls. I am going to explain why I believe this. Some may believe me and some may not.

Universe expansion requires more energy than we understand. There are global changes affecting our future conscious awareness. There is our opportunity to evolve our species and save our kind. Some of us will make the grade and others will simply change into another form of life.

I was not sure whether to begin this story as “You ain’t gonna believe this but this is my truth” or “One upon a time there was a little angel who was sent to earth to gain her wings”. Would you accept this? “There was an extra terrestrial who was sent to earth to share energy.”

I guess it depends on the reader. We have inside us all various levels of existence. In psychology, some call this our adult and child. We all have many levels of beings inside us. Regardless of what or how we believe, there is some truth in all of us. This is mine.

I once died and came back to earth. I saw energy that was outside of my physical body. When I looked around me, I realized that I was flying through space and time seemed to be passing me into another existence. I heard some voices that were not mine. I was out of body and looked down. I saw that I was spirit and not in my physical body. My body had been left behind on a stretcher in an operating room. I could see a faint outline of energy that I assumed was my spiritual energy plasma or spiritual body. When I looked down and saw my feet, I knew I was flying or soaring to another dimension or place.

While I was in this space and time or spacetime, I could hear sounds and I was seeing sparks or stars passing by on the outside of this clear tunnel I was in. All the time I was flying or ascending into space, I was gathering information and awareness. I could not tell where the information was created only that I was assimilating information at a very fast rate of speed. This was very odd to me and I knew I was not on earth any longer. It was one of those “We aren’t in Kansas anymore ToTo moments!”

However, I was alive or I felt alive. I never felt better and more alive as I was then. I could breathe and I was comfortable and soaring. I was traveling in space and yet I could tell I was on a trip to another destination. I then realized I was actually leaving earth and I had to try to stop the process. I was realizing I was not ready to leave earth.

Location:
GULF SHORES, PANAMA CITY, FLORIDA
Story of how this Spacecraft Not of Earth Origin has a STEALTH MODE.
While they change, from what human eyes can see in the color spectrum much like each person sees a Rainbow is why and how some people can see these UFOS and others cannot.

The bending of the light and how the atmosphere affects it is part of what should be studied.

We in the ET UFO Community know of various tools for awareness education, which we are struggling to provide words in English that can be translated to various languages on earth. This photo was taken one of two by my daughter and given to me as a gift. My daughter did not keep copies and was inspired to send me a photo of the beautiful sunset over theGulf of Mexico.

Stephanie Esther Parrish is my daughter and photographer, which she took with her cell phone. Stephanie sent me this photo as a gift. We discussed the ET UFO that we could both see that was taking off. We know when they take off that they become stealth in mid air. We have this knowledge because we have been contactees all our lives. We have a common folk understanding of how life on earth is involved with extraterrestrials.
I am devoting my life to creating awareness cultural education of the fact that Alien Civilizations Exist (ACE) and providing information of the Ascension Age and Ace Folklife for all beings.

I hope the following information will assist in understanding that there are many of us on earth with different opinions on the UFO studies called UFOlogy and the UFOLOGY SPIRITUAL Beliefs. We do not believe as some do that the belief in UFOS is a religion.

The UFO Religion that I have seen mentioned in articles and on Wikipedia Entries is something that we should address as simply science and spirituality coming together. We are redefining spirituality and the involvement of the Extraterrestrials in the universe of the metaverse. We are all sentient intelligent beings and only one species among many. I believe we are the culmination of 46 other species in the intelligent being core base of divine creation. This makes me see different to many on earth.

I base this information on the fact that I am a sentient intelligent being who has been contacted by other beings that are not of earth origin per their own admittance and instruction.

I appreciate two beings on earth that have supporter me Dirk Vander Ploeg and Robert Morningstar in my own spiritual growth and education while on earth. I am a very eclectic person interested in all beings and all life forms. My name is Theresa J Thurmond Morris and I am a female writer. There are many of my articles printed in other countries and some refer to me as a male writer. This is why I am hoping that Dirk Vander Ploeg can add my new websites to my introduction at the top of the articles:

http://www.socialparnormal.com

And
http://www.American newsmagazine.com
BECOMING TRANSFORMED HUMAN DNA
an Alien Point of View – Extra-Terrestrials Class
by Theresa J Thurmond Morris
Words can have various meanings and besides being a word, we are learning to break down words into meanings, as in a dictionary. However, also, we are learning that we have various meanings for words in certain groups and categories.
The Alien Point of View has to do withExtra Terrestrials and the various types that are made up of our 46 Chromosome Genome Packages.
There are others who are alien to the planet earth that do not have the same 46 paid of chromosomes that we do as sentient intelligent beings.
We are to now understand in the Ascension Age of Intelligent Beings on Planet Earth that there is a larger microcosm in the macrocosm of our reality.
There is an inner being and outer being that makes up out spirit and our soul. Our soul is made of string spirits in difference parallel universes.
I shall attempt to suggest in future articles how we as common folk in the critical mass population of earth can better understand each other in awareness and communication.
This will require a great deal of energy on my part. The reason being is that there are various other worldly ideas and ideals that are being incorporated into our present sentient intelligent being ideas and ideals that we have incorporated into our reality on earth. Some say that the reality that we have created on earth is made up of parallel thinking only which has generated ignorance and greed over the past millenniums on earth that were ruled by empires.
It is this writer’s intention to assist all those who desire to share in harmony the words and meanings of this world.
This is a timely and delicate place on the earth linear time line. Therefore, I shall ask readers to do what they can to absorb information based on space-time and the curvature of light waves in space.
We will be suggesting that Neutrinos can affect our human DNA from other Near Earth Objects (NEOS) in space.
Three: Three to me means various levels of being in an alien point of view.
Five: Five to me means various levels of time in the mind in an alien point of view.
Enlightenment and Evolution are two words that can describe top quality information and communication through the human mind and earth mind.
We have a critical mass population on earth who desire to improve the impoverished in thinking and awareness. This is the new transgression theories of those who have lived a linear and horizontal life.
We are entering a time called the Ascension Age, which is about raising awareness of the Parallel and Vertical Dimensions of what it is like being an intelligent being on earth and elsewhere.
We are all going to learn about the future and how we are becoming.
We are becoming the inner being and outer knowing as our brains change.
We are changing information as we change our communication base.
We are learning to be more than people, places, and things. We are learning more about energy that can never end. We are learning about our own immortality.
There is an evolution movement going on to try to catch up to organizing the infrastructure of what is all about for intelligent beings on earth.
Some people are referring to this new Ascension Age as combing the parallel universewith the all-knowing God Particle transfiguration.
Some Cosmologists, Engineers, Mathematicians, Scientists, Futurists, are joining with Visionaries, Oracles, Channelers, Remote Viewers, Psychics, Psychologists, Psychiatrists, Neurologists, Biologists, and Geneticists in theories and hypothesis.
At one time, there was no room for Science and Spirituality to combine efforts. This is all changing in the 21st Century during the Age of Revelation.
There have been many pioneers of modern spirituality in the postmodern page. The 20th Century was all about the New Age Generation, the Hippy Generation, the Industrial Revolution, and the Introduction to the Computer Age and Technology.
There is a real evolution debate happening and the debate took wings like those of a Phoenix in January 2007. We all felt something that was touching our inner soul to become better spiritual intelligent beings that wanted to embrace science, cosmology, and our future in stellar space. This became the time when we wanted to understand linear time and space-time continuum. Time as we know it to be an instrument of life on earth is also changing. The atomic clock is being replaced with that of a nuclear clock.
For convenience of the human population, we offer these categories, and Names of Core Idea Groups that have been expressed since 2007.
Neo-Darwinists
Progressive Darwinists
Collectivists
Complexity Theorists
Directionalists
Transhumanists
Intelligent Designers
Theistic Evolutionists
Esoteric Evolutionists
Process Philosophers
Conscious Evolutionists
Integralists
Sleepers

2010-2019 Years OF ENRICHMENT AND HOPE
By: Theresa J. Thurmond Morris

2010 through 2019 will be considered the years of enlightenment on the Internet for many people.

We are going into what are called precession years. This will include the new discoveries of old and ancient information through science, technology and discoveries of future inventions.

It is our desire to share in the awareness of ascension cultural education. We plan to do this via the Internet or World Wide Web.

There is so much changing now that we should be involved with art, culture, education, science, technology, and the religions of humankind on earth.

We are going through global change and will need everyone to improve innovations and involvement.

The Large Hadron Collider is the picture of the 21st century that will lead the way into our new discoveries of the weak and strong nuclear forces in the universe. This will deal with the global environment, international world governmental changes, and future discoveries on earth. Some may include the knowledge of reverse engineering from extraterrestrial technology.

We are doing this internationally now as we can see due to the recent earthquake in Haiti on January 12, 2010. We cannot change history but we can learn from our mistakes.

The Red Cross is the one organization that we can count on in the world. 

The United Nations is also one organization along with UNESCO for education.

We will need more involvement during these years, which will involve the OLYMPIC TEAMS to inspire us and to share hope.

There are new websites springing up and new buzzwords with the improvements in our entertainment media via the latest movies such as Avatar. This new 3D movie was a wonderful contribution to the 21st century.

During the past in American when we were at war and/or in a recession we used the theater and movies to inspire us to a better way of life with movie stars on the big silver screen who had a life we could only dream about and desire which inspired hope for the future.

We have always enjoyed our movies and these can now be seen in various ways on television via satellite, internet computers, and yet, we still want to go share in a social event with our friends and families in theaters in America. This has been engraved as part of our American Culture.

The Ascension Center Education will be a part of the future and is concentrating on the time prior to the date of December 21, 2012, 11:11 AM as the sun passed over our part of the world. The light will restore parts of our DNA that have been lacking and those born after this time on earth will be the new human beings with knowledge abilities that include the future in 3D and Virtual Imaging in the Matrix.

Many call this Ascension.

The following are the topics we will be sharing in the new World Information Network (WIN) to inspire Social Entrepreneurs of the Future on the Internet. We are a Global Community that is rebuilding ourselves through new information, knowledge, reconstruction, and imagining ourselves in the future. This projection and new telepathic waves we use to connect to the Akashic Field of Everything in the universe will be not only felt but also discovered to be a real energy in the smallest forms of matter and antimatter in science.

Some of the topics below are what many people are now interested in as we create new scripts for our enjoyment and entertainment social media networks. We will all become students as seekers and teachers as seers around the world. Global Community Culture is dealing with art, culture, education, science, technology, social entrepreneurs, and creating new professions and careers for the future of our children.

ASCENSION CULTURAL EDUCATION (ACE)

TJ MORRIS tm ACIR sm

Ascension Cultural Intergovernmental Relations (ACIR) RELIGION ON THE BRAIN VERSUS ET BELIEFS

As many have noted, religion cannot be reduced to a mere concatenation of religious beliefs. Sharing a lengthy content text with permission from my website socialparanormal.com with colleague’s permission thought the Ace Folklife Society.

Archaeology and Folklife are presented through Western Kentucky University courses for those interested in a degree in either or both. We are mainly writers with a common goal as researchers who write for scientific and educational purposes.

Every religion consists of rites, rituals, prayers, social institutions, holidays, etc., that serve a wide variety of purposes, explicit or otherwise

However, religious belief—that is, the acceptance of specific religious propositions as being true—is generally, what renders these enterprises relevant, or even comprehensible. While there may be many Catholics, for instance, who value the ritual of the Mass without actually believing the doctrine of Transubstantiation, the primacy of the Mass within the Church still hinges on the fact that many Catholics do accept it as a metaphysical truth—a fact that can be directly attributed to specific, doctrinal claims that are still put forward by the Church.

There is, of course, a distinction to be made between mere profession of such beliefs and actual belief

Distinction that, while important, only makes sense in a world in which some people actually believe what they say they believe. There seems little reason to doubt that a significant percentage of human beings, likely a majority, falls into this latter category with respect one or another religious creed. A true confession of an ET UFO Contact is about extra terrestrial contact.

ET UFO contact does not require a human to be perfect. If perfect sentient intelligent beings were the only ones chosen on earth, I would be left out. To err is to be human. We must forgive ourselves and others for mistakes while here on earth.

There were five alien spacecraft left to monitor earth in 1947. UFOs are extra terrestrial spacecraft. There have been many UFOs and visitations throughout the world. Our governments know this and have many specimens of many types of intelligent beings. I am taught that we all work together for the good of all.

How do I know this one might ask? I was chosen as an ET UFO contact. I agreed to be a translator. Those that I know who are supreme are very advanced and do not speak English. They use universal translators. Some are computerized as artificial life forms and some are like me. I appear human and do my best to download information. I apologize in advance because my mistakes are not in my information received but in my typing. I think and type faster than my mind and fingers comprehend. Like Data on Star Trek.

Since 1947, there has been physical contact in our lifetime. I was not born until the day after Christmas 1951. Since the time I was born, I have been visited and monitored.

The spacecraft were to be left on earth around the world on the five largest continents for monitoring purposes. We have always been monitored and we always will.

I am an extra terrestrial contact and considered a human hybrid to some. If, I choose to care only about what people think of me I would never have shared my thoughts and findings in writing. I make mistakes in writing.

Why do my articles have typographical errors though my spell and grammar check is always s on and used? Each time I make a typo or misspell a word, the computer shows me by putting a red line under the word. When I add my article on American Chronicle, it too shows red lines. I fix my mistakes but somehow, when they leave my computer, there are mistakes made as the information ions travel in cyberspace on the Internet. Sometimes the words are changed when at the end of a sentence. I compare it to Quantum Physics.

We are just now learning about the sixteen separate quarks in particles of atoms. I know we use neutrons, protons, and electrons, and that we break these down. I know that I am to assist physicists to the next level of information on earth but I prefer to speak in algorithms and math is hard for me to understand since I did not learn this as a human in school. I make mistakes but sometimes I am disappointed with the results as seen on other websites and bogs. I will learn from my mistakes.

I am a futurist and am programmed to assist in the creation of the world’s first Ascension Center Spaceport. This will require understanding and cooperation by many people not just me. It has a similar construction to the Bird’s Nest in China. It will take until 2012 to construct if we begin now. If we wait, it may take until 2020. I am not sure I will be here 2037 and due to my aging while human I may lost my ability to work.

I have a mission as a communicator and have two sides, a male and female while in a woman’s physical body. We all do, it is just that I was chosen for a particular reason, it has not been fully revealed to me, and others may not appreciate my contributions until I am dead and gone. We hear so many sentient human beings on earth who say they are alien hybrids.

Alien Hybrids claim to be different and know they are simply passing through time on earth as humans.
They know and understand the ascension process and take leaving earth for granted as part of the process of change. They instinctively know and understand that their bodies are only temporary. Study the neurological system of the physical body and mind including the autonomic nervous system and prepare your mind to study the future of earth and your responses. Knowing things that others may not is not an easy road to take on earth.

I believe being here on earth is to prefect our spiritual souls and to learn how to be productive and participate in the reactionary process. Thus far, I cannot think of any other reason for existence as a human being sent to earth I believe the energy we create as memories is what we take with us when we leave this earth because this is my extraordinary experience. This ability is what allowed me to remember my past and where I cam from before earth. I believe that the choices I made while in my Astral body when I left my physical body on earth is what allowed me to remember and believe as I do. I believe that others are like me while on earth.

I died once and had a near death experience. Both were traumatic to my physical and mental bodies, but they were an enlightening experience for my own spiritual soul’s progression. I learned from these extraordinary experiences. I am not alone in these experiences. There are many of us.

However, what does make me somewhat extraordinary is my real physical contact with extra terrestrials and my knowledge or real physical extra terrestrial spacecraft or UFOs. If one desires to contact extra terrestrials, there is a way to achieve this goal. I desired to be hearing with knowledge of extra terrestrials. I have seen aliens, Ets, and UFOS also known as spacecraft. I know that we are to create a spaceport for extra terrestrial spacecraft.

The extra terrestrials taught me to be aware of the signs and words taught to me. The Ascension Center Spaceport was designed before I even understood the name or the logo design. This keeps China, Russian, USA, Japan, and all other countries from claiming the name as separate. This name is chosen by the Supreme Allied Council and has been voted on by others in the universe. I am simply a messenger.

I have been fortunate to have very super intelligent beings to interact with me on many levels. I have learned that being spiritual and intellectual are only two parts of the same whole of being a human sentient intelligent being. I have learned that desiring perfection thought curiosity and exploration is part of the human DNA programming.

I have learned that being allowed to share life with others on earth is a blessing. I have learned that knowing extra terrestrial supreme beings in mental, spiritual, and physical form is a Godsend or like conversing with the God particle in space. I have learned that anyone can find their way back home with the proper guidance and direction and that not all human beings have to experience a near death experience or dying to know what I know.

Now days, we call people with knowledge of extra terrestrials delusional or needing psychological drugs to keep them from using certain parts of their minds and brains. I have been taught that to share what I know to be the truth may defy what other being on earth believe in and that science and religion may desire to destroy my words because they could change or contradict what has been taught to human beings in the past.

UFOs or extra terrestrial spacecraft have been treated as non-existent. What I truly believe is that the extra terrestrials that I have met and been guided by and those beings who create the extraterrestrial spacecraft are simply those who have always guided the believers and the most faithful on earth. I believe that these higher supreme intelligent beings have always come and gone from earth and will continue to come and go at their own will. I believe we cannot control these extraterrestrials and that they choose whom they choose based on their belief system, lifestyle, and DNA.

There is a woman who claims she is a pilot of the Roswell down crash UFO. There were two and one imploded from the inside. This was piloted by two intelligent beings we have termed the grays. This extraterrestrial spacecraft was a newer model, which had just come off the assembly line, and this was its first flight out. The mission of this spacecraft was to pick up the two grays that were leaving a model of spacecraft on earth to monitor earth.

The plan was to leave one spacecraft intact to be found and taken into the mountain for safekeeping. The two gray intelligent beings that were piloting this spacecraft set the spacecraft we call GUS down. They exited the spacecraft out of the back door, which the lower part creates a ramp. The top and bottom open and close and when closed one cannot see the seal. There is much to learn in reverse engineering but I do not know if DOD and the pentagon will allow certain Engineers I would use such as Tom Sergeant.

I would also require Tom Morris. I have my reasons for desiring people I can trust. The small transport monitoring spacecrafts on earth are sending back information to the main ship that monitors earth and stays hidden. We have a fleet of ships on the outside of this galaxy. The military have adopted our terms of Navy on earth and I am glad I received Navy training on earth. Some use army technical terms. However, this is based on Navy terms that are used in army terms for the convenience of some human beings on earth who have also had an agent inject them with extra DNA at birth. This cannot be detected but can be used on the spacecraft. The people who try to reverse engineer and make the spacecraft fly cannot because they do not have the DNA.

The two grays boarded the newer vessel to return to the main ship from which they came.
When they boarded and the one spacecraft took off it malfunctioned. This caused the spacecraft to come back down and the four grays knew they were not going to make it off earth.

The two pilots tried to land the spacecraft. As they began the decent, it imploded and threw two of the grays clear of the crash. One was hurt internally and one had a broken leg and communicated telepathically trying to ask for help for the three of them later when army troops arrived. One gray was kept alive for a while, one died from internal injuries, and the two grays who were piloting the spacecraft were killed on impact.

Why do I bother to communicate, share, and write my truth and beliefs? Because I believe that, this is my mission as a communication commander in another realm of my existence. I have chosen a leadership role in another life and in another existence. I have chosen to be here now on earth and to make known my presence so that others will find their way back to their origin.

This article is dedicated to an Engineer with high hopes for my writing, our work and the future of our world, Thomas B. Sergeant, CSTRS/ALMDS Test Director, ARINC Engineering Services, LLC. I want to assist USA, DOD, PRTs, and Foreign Affairs in PR.

Can Tom assist us in reverse engineering by taking my words and understanding and changing them into engineering terms for the good of humankind? Stay tuned into the Matrix of life with TJ and find out.

Our lab published the first neuroimaging study of belief as a general mode of cognition [1], and another group has looked specifically at religious conviction [2]. However, no research has compared these two states of mind directly. Here we show that while religious and nonreligious thinking differentially engage broad regions of the frontal, parietal, and medial temporal lobes—and, hence, appear quite distinct as modes of thought—the difference between belief and disbelief appears to be content-independent.

Results We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure signal changes in the brains of thirty subjects—fifteen committed Christians and fifteen nonbelievers—as they evaluated the truth and falsity of religious and nonreligious propositions. For each trial either a religious statement (e.g., “Jesus Christ really performed the miracles attributed to him in the Bible”) or a nonreligious statement (e.g., “Alexander the Great was a very famous military leader”) appeared, and participants pressed a button to indicate whether the statement was true or false. Our stimuli were designed to produce roughly equal numbers of believed and disbelieved trials in each category.

Behavioral data

Response time data were submitted to a repeated-measures ANOVA with belief (true, false) and statement content (religious, nonreligious) as within-subject variables, and group (nonbeliever, Christian) as a between-subject variable. Response times were significantly longer for false (3.95 s) compared to true (3.70 s) responses (F (1,28) = 33.4, p< .001), and also significantly longer for religious (3.99 s) compared with nonreligious (3.66 s) stimuli (F (1,28) = 18, p<.001). The two-way interaction between belief and content type did not reach significance, but there was a three-way interaction between belief, content type, and group (F (1,28) = 6.06, p<.05). While both groups were quicker to respond “true” than “false” on both categories of stimuli, the effect of truth was especially pronounced for nonbelievers when responding to religious statements (see Supplementary Information: Table S1 and Figure S1).

Belief compared with disbelief

For both groups, and in both categories of stimuli, belief was associated with greater blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC, see Fig. 1, Table 1), an area important for self-representation [3], [4], [5], [6], emotional associations [7], reward [8], [9], [10], and goal-driven behavior [11]. This region showed greater signal whether subjects believed statements about God, the Virgin Birth, etc. or statements about ordinary facts. We also saw greater signal in the left superior frontal gyrus and in both lateral occipital cortices for this contrast.
Figure 1. Belief minus disbelief (Both Categories; Both Groups).
Greater signal for belief compared with disbelief appeared in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, lateral occipital cortex, and superior frontal gyrus. The bottom panel shows percent signal change from baseline in each of the clusters (vmpc = ventromedial prefrontal cortex; log = lateral occipital gyrus; sfg = superior frontal gyrus). Error bars represent standard error of the mean.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007272.g001
Table 1. Belief minus disbelief.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007272.t001

The differences in VMPFC signal were due to a greater relative decrease in activation from baseline for the disbelief condition. Our finding of greater signal in VMPFC for belief compared to disbelief was significant in both Christians and nonbelievers for both religious and nonreligious stimuli, supporting a role for this brain region in the acceptance of truth-claims across content domains. A direct comparison of belief minus disbelief in Christians and nonbelievers did not show any significant group differences for nonreligious stimuli.

For religious stimuli, there were additional regions of the brain that did differ by group, however these results seem best explained by a common reaction in both groups to statements that violate religious doctrines (discussed further below).

The opposite contrast, disbelief minus belief, yielded increased signal in the superior frontal sulcus and the precentral gyrus. The engagement of these areas is not readily explained based on prior work (see Table 2).
Table 2. Disbelief minus belief.
Religious compared with Nonreligious statements

Background

While religious faith remains one of the most significant features of human life, little is known about its relationship to ordinary belief at the level of the brain. Nor is it known whether religious believers and nonbelievers differ in how they evaluate statements of fact. Our lab previously has used functional neuroimaging to study belief as a general mode of cognition [1], and others have looked specifically at religious belief [2]. However, no research has compared these two states of mind directly.

Methodology/Principal Findings

We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure signal changes in the brains of thirty subjects—fifteen committed Christians and fifteen nonbelievers—as they evaluated the truth and falsity of religious and nonreligious propositions. For both groups, and in both categories of stimuli, belief (judgments of “true” vs judgments of “false”) was associated with greater signal in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, an area important for self-representation [3], [4], [5], [6], emotional associations [7], reward [8], [9], [10], and goal-driven behavior [11]. This region showed greater signal whether subjects believed statements about God, the Virgin Birth, etc. or statements about ordinary facts. A comparison of both stimulus categories suggests that religious thinking is more associated with brain regions that govern emotion, self-representation, and cognitive conflict, while thinking about ordinary facts is more reliant upon memory retrieval networks.

Conclusions/Significance

While religious and nonreligious thinking differentially engage broad regions of the frontal, parietal, and medial temporal lobes, the difference between belief and disbelief appears to be content-independent. Our study compares religious thinking with ordinary cognition and, as such, constitutes a step toward developing a neuropsychology of religion. However, these findings may also further our understanding of how the brain accepts statements of all kinds to be valid descriptions of the world.

Citation: Harris S, Kaplan JT, Curiel A, Bookheimer SY, Iacoboni M, et al. (2009) The Neural Correlates of Religious and Nonreligious Belief. PLoS ONE 4(10): e7272. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007272
Editor: Olaf Sporns, Indiana University, United States of America
Received: June 3, 2009; Accepted: September 7, 2009; Published: October 1, 2009

WITH PERMISSION:

Copyright: © 2009 Harris et al. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited.
Funding: For generous support the authors wish to thank the Brain Mapping Medical Research Organization, Brain Mapping Support Foundation, Pierson-Lovelace Foundation, The Ahmanson Foundation,

William M. and Linda R. Dietel Philanthropic Fund at the Northern Piedmont Community Foundation, Tamkin Foundation, Jennifer Jones-Simon Foundation, Capital Group Companies Charitable Foundation, Robson Family and Northstar Fund. The project described was supported in part by Grant Numbers RR12169, RR13642 and RR00865 from the National Center for Research Resources (NCRR), a component of the National Institutes of Health (NIH) and by a grant from The Reason Project; its contents are solely the responsibility of the authors and do not necessarily represent the official views of NCR, NIH, or those of any other funding source. Sam Harris (joint first author) is the Co-founder and CEO of The Reason Project

(www.reasonproject.org). The Reason Project is a 501(c) (3) nonprofit foundation whose mission includes conducting original scientific research related to human values, cognition, and reasoning. This affiliation does not alter the authors’ adherence to all PLoS ONE policies on the sharing of data for the purpose of academic, non-commercial research. For this study, The Reason Project provided partial funding for MRI scanner use, subject recruitment, and psychological testing. The other sources of funding had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.

Competing interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

* E-mail: mscohen@ucla.edu
# These authors contributed equally to this work.
Introduction Since the 19th century, it has been widely assumed that the spread of industrialized society would spell the end of religion. Marx [12], Freud [13], [14], and Weber [15]—along with innumerable anthropologists, sociologists, historians, and psychologists influenced by their work—expected religious belief to wither in the light of modernity.

It has not come to pass. Religion remains one of the most prominent features of human life in the 21st century. While most developed societies have grown predominantly secular [16], with the curious exception of the United States, orthodox religion is in full bloom throughout the developing world. Indeed, humanity seems to becoming proportionally more religious, as the combination of material advancement and secularism is strongly correlated with decreased fertility [17]. When one considers the rise of Islamism throughout the Muslim world, the spread of Pentecostalism throughout Africa, and the anomalous piety of the United States, it becomes clear that religion will have geopolitical consequences well into the 21st century.

Given the importance of religion in human life, surprisingly little is known about its basis in the brain. Several lines of evidence, including the fact that a variety of clinical conditions related to dopaminergic dysfunction, suggest the relevance of the brain’s ventromedial dopaminergic systems to religious experience, belief and behavior—mania, obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), schizophrenia, and temporal-lobe epilepsy—are regularly associated with hyperreligiosity [18]. The serotonergic system has also been implicated, as drugs known to modulate it—like LSD, psilocybin, mescaline, N,N-dimethyltryptamine (“DMT”), and 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine (“ecstasy”)—seem especially potent drivers of religious/spiritual experience. In addition, 5-HT1A receptor densities have been inversely correlated with high scores on the “spiritual acceptance” subscale of the Temperament and Character Inventory [19].

There have been a number of neuroimaging and EEG studies done on religious practice and experience—primarily focusing on meditation [20], [21], [22], [23], [24] and prayer [25], [26], [27], [28], [29], [30]. The purpose of these studies has been to evoke spiritual/contemplative experiences in religious subjects and to compare these states of mind to a control condition. However, none of these studies were designed to isolate the variable of belief itself, or to determine whether religious belief differs from ordinary belief at the level of the brain.

As many have noted, religion cannot be reduced to a mere concatenation of religious beliefs. Every religion consists of rites, rituals, prayers, social institutions, holidays, etc., that serve a wide variety of purposes, explicit or otherwise [31], [32]. However, religious belief—that is, the acceptance of specific religious propositions as being true—is generally, what renders these enterprises relevant, or even comprehensible. While there may be many Catholics, for instance, who value the ritual of the Mass without actually believing the doctrine of Transubstantiation, the primacy of the Mass within the Church still hinges on the fact that many Catholics do accept it as a metaphysical truth—a fact that can be directly attributed to specific, doctrinal claims that are still put forward by the Church. There is, of course, a distinction to be made between mere profession of such beliefs and actual belief [33]—a distinction that, while important, only makes sense in a world in which some people actually believe what they say they believe. There seems little reason to doubt that a significant percentage of human beings, likely a majority, falls into this latter category with respect one or another religious creed.
Our lab published the first neuroimaging study of belief as a general mode of cognition [1], and another group has looked specifically at religious conviction [2]. However, no research has compared these two states of mind directly. Here we show that while religious and nonreligious thinking differentially engage broad regions of the frontal, parietal, and medial temporal lobes—and, hence, appear quite distinct as modes of thought—the difference between belief and disbelief appears to be content-independent.

Results We used functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to measure signal changes in the brains of thirty subjects—fifteen committed Christians and fifteen nonbelievers—as they evaluated the truth and falsity of religious and nonreligious propositions. For each trial either a religious statement (e.g., “Jesus Christ really performed the miracles attributed to him in the Bible”) or a nonreligious statement (e.g., “Alexander the Great was a very famous military leader”) appeared, and participants pressed a button to indicate whether the statement was true or false. Our stimuli were designed to produce roughly equal numbers of believed and disbelieved trials in each category.

Behavioral data

Response time data were submitted to a repeated-measures ANOVA with belief (true, false) and statement content (religious, nonreligious) as within-subject variables, and group (nonbeliever, Christian) as a between-subject variable. Response times were significantly longer for false (3.95 s) compared to true (3.70 s) responses (F (1, 28) = 33.4, p<.001), and significantly longer for religious (3.99 s) compared with nonreligious (3.66 s) stimuli (F (1,28) = 18, p<.001). The two-way interaction between belief and content type did not reach significance, but there was a three-way interaction between belief, content type, and group (F (1,28) = 6.06, p<.05). While both groups were quicker to respond “true” than “false” on both categories of stimuli, the effect of truth was especially pronounced for nonbelievers when responding to religious statements (see Supplementary Information: Table S1 and Figure S1).

Belief compared with disbelief
For both groups, and in both categories of stimuli, belief was associated with greater blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) signal in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex (VMPFC, see Fig. 1, Table 1), an area important for self-representation [3], [4], [5], [6], emotional associations [7], reward [8], [9], [10], and goal-driven behavior [11]. This region showed greater signal whether subjects believed statements about God, the Virgin Birth, etc. or statements about ordinary facts. We also saw greater signal in the left superior frontal gyrus and in both lateral occipital cortices for this contrast.

Figure 1. Belief minus disbelief (Both Categories; Both Groups).
Greater signal for belief compared with disbelief appeared in the ventromedial prefrontal cortex, lateral occipital cortex, and superior frontal gyrus. The bottom panel shows percent signal change from baseline in each of the clusters (vmpc = ventromedial prefrontal cortex; log = lateral occipital gyrus; sfg = superior frontal gyrus). Error bars represent standard error of the mean.

The differences in VMPFC signal were due to a greater relative decrease in activation from baseline for the disbelief condition. Our finding of greater signal in VMPFC for belief compared to disbelief was significant in both Christians and nonbelievers for both religious and nonreligious stimuli, supporting a role for this brain region in the acceptance of truth-claims across content domains. A direct comparison of belief minus disbelief in Christians and nonbelievers did not show any significant group differences for nonreligious stimuli. For religious stimuli, there were additional regions of the brain that did differ by group, however these results seem best explained by a common reaction in both groups to statements that violate religious doctrines (discussed further below).

The opposite contrast, disbelief minus belief, yielded increased signal in the superior frontal sulcus and the precentral gyrus. The engagement of these areas is not readily explained based on prior work (see Table 2).

Table 2. Disbelief minus belief.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007272.t002

Religious compared with Nonreligious statements
While the contrast of belief minus disbelief yielded similar activation patterns for both stimulus categories, a comparison of all religious trials to all nonreligious trials produced a wide range of signal differences throughout the brain. The contrast of religious stimuli minus nonreligious stimuli (see Fig. 2A, Table 3.) revealed greater signal in many regions, including the anterior insula and the ventral striatum. The anterior insula has been regularly linked to pain perception [34] and even to the perception of pain in others [35]. This region is also widely believed to mediate negatively valenced feelings like disgust [36], [37].

The ventral striatum is also regularly associated with emotional processing, especially with reward [38] and appears to play a role in cognitive planning [39]. We also found greater signal for religious stimuli in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC). The ACC is often taken to be a reporter of response conflict [40], and activity in this region has been negatively correlated with religious conviction [41].
Figure 2. Religious versus nonreligious statements.

(A) The MRI signal was greater when subjects evaluated religious statements compared with nonreligious statements in areas throughout the brain, including the precuneus, anterior cingulate, insula, and ventral striatum. (B) Increased signal was found for nonreligious statements compared with religious statements in several left hemisphere regions including the parahippocampal gyrus, retrosplenial cortex, temporal pole, middle temporal gyrus and hippocampus.

Another key region that appears to be preferentially engaged by religious thinking is the posterior medial cortex. This area is part of the previously described resting state network that shows greater activity during both rest and self-referential tasks [3].

The opposite contrast, nonreligious minus religious statements, produced greater signal in left hemisphere networks, including the hippocampus, the parahippocampal gyrus, middle temporal gyrus, temporal pole, and retrosplenial cortex (see Fig. 2B, Table 4). It is well known that the hippocampus and the parahippocampal gyrus are involved in memory retrieval [42]. The anterior temporal lobe is also engaged by semantic memory tasks [43], and the retrosplenial cortex displays especially strong, reciprocal connectivity with structures in the medial temporal lobe [44].

Table 4. Nonreligious minus Religious statements.
doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0007272.t004
Finally, among our religious stimuli, the subset of statements that ran counter to Christian doctrine yielded greater signal for both groups in several brain regions, including the ventral striatum, paracingulate cortex, middle frontal gyrus, the frontal poles, and inferior parietal cortex (see Fig 3, Table 5). These regions showed greater signal both when Christians rejected stimuli contrary to their doctrine (e.g. “The Biblical god is a myth”) and when nonbelievers affirmed the truth of those same statements. In other words, these brain areas responded preferentially to “blasphemous” statements in both subject groups. This contrast is the result of a double subtraction on religious trials:

(Nonbeliever True-Nonbeliever False)-(Christian True-Christian False) = NT-NF-CT+CF = NT+CF-NF-CT = (NT+CF)-(NF + CT). The opposite contrast: (NF-NT)-(CF-CT) produced a null result.
Figure 3. Reponses to blasphemy in both groups.
There were significant differences between blasphemous and non-blasphemous statements in both groups. These are regions that show greater signal both when Christians reject stimuli contrary to their doctrine (e.g. “The Biblical god is a myth”) and when nonbelievers affirm their belief in those same statements (pc = paracingulate gyrus; mf = middle frontal gyrus; vs = ventral striatum; ip = inferior parietal lobe

ACE FOLKLIFE
SOCIETY - SPIRIUAL BOOK CLUB

Discussion 

Nearly a century of opinion polling attests that 70–85 percent of Americans profess not merely a belief in a generic God, but a belief in highly specific, religious propositions: that the Bible is the word of God (whether literal or “inspired”), that Jesus Christ will physically return to earth at some point in the future, that Satan exists and leads people to sin, that prayers actually get answered, etc. The failure to subject such beliefs to rational criticism may be one reason for their survival. However, as Boyer [31], [45] points out, the failure of reality testing cannot explain the specific character of religious beliefs. According to Boyer, religious beliefs and concepts must arise from mental categories and cognitive propensities that predate religion—and these underlying structures might determine the stereotypical form that religious beliefs and practices take. These categories relate to things like intentional agents, animacy, social exchange, moral intuitions, natural hazards, and ways of understanding human misfortune. On Boyer’s account, people do not accept implausible religious doctrines because they have relaxed their standards of rationality; they relax their standards of rationality because certain doctrines fit their “inference machinery” in such a way as to seem credible.

And what most religious propositions may lack in plausibility they make up for in the degree to which they are memorable, emotionally salient, and socially consequential; all of these properties are a product of our underlying cognitive architecture, and most of this architecture is not consciously accessible. Boyer argues, therefore, that explicit theologies and consciously held beliefs are not a reliable indicator of the contents or causes of a person’s religious outlook.

Boyer may be correct in saying that we have cognitive templates for religious ideas that run deeper than culture (in the same way that we appear to have deep, abstract concepts like “animal” and “tool”). We may, in fact, be what Bloom [46] has called “common sense dualists”—that is, we may be constitutionally inclined to see mind as distinct from body and, therefore, will tend to sense the existence of disembodied minds at work in the world. This could lead us to presume ongoing relationships with dead friends and relatives, to anticipate our own survival of death, and to generally conceive of people as having immaterial souls.

A variety of experiments suggest that children are predisposed to assume both design and intention behind natural events—leaving many psychologists and anthropologists to believe that children, left entirely to their own devices, would invent some conception of God [47]. The psychologist Margaret Evans has found that children between the ages of eight and ten, whatever their upbringing, are consistently more inclined to give a Creationist account of the natural world than their parents are [48].
Because our minds have evolved to detect patterns in the world, we may tend to detect patterns that are not actually there—ranging from faces in the clouds to a divine hand in the workings of Nature. Hood [49] posits an additional cognitive schema that he calls “supersense”—a tendency to infer hidden forces in the world, working for good or for ill. On his account, supersense generates beliefs in the supernatural (religious and otherwise) all on its own, and such beliefs are thereafter modulated, rather than instilled, by culture. Hood likens our susceptibility to religious ideas to our propensity to develop phobias for evolutionarily relevant threats (like snakes and spiders) rather than for things that are far more likely to kill us (like automobiles and electrical sockets). Barrett [50] makes the same case, likening religion to language acquisition: we come into this world cognitively prepared for language; our culture and upbringing merely dictate which languages we will be exposed to.
And yet, however predisposed the human mind may be to harboring religious beliefs, it remains a fact that each new generation receives a religious worldview, at least in part, in the form of linguistic propositions—far more so in some societies than in others. Whatever the evolutionary underpinnings of religion, it seems unlikely that there is a genetic explanation for the why the French, Swedes, and Japanese tend not to believe in the God of Abraham while Americans, Saudis, and Somalis do. The importance of religious doctrines that purport to be true, and their subsequent acceptance as true by great numbers of human beings, seems indisputable.

Recent attempts to study the neural correlates of religious belief have either suffered from a lack of a nonreligious control condition [2] or were not designed to isolate the variable of belief at all [41]. To investigate the neural correlates of belief for both religious and nonreligious modes of thought, we asked Christians and nonbelievers to evaluate statements of both types while in the MRI scanner.

The data reported above present statistical tests of the reliability of signal changes occurring throughout the brain as a function of the stimuli and their associated behavioral responses. However, these data are of greater value when interpreted against related results in the neuroscientific literature. Such a discussion necessarily entails “reverse inference” of a sort often considered problematic in the field of neuroimaging [51]. One cannot reliably infer the presence of a mental state based on brain data alone, unless the brain regions in question are known to be truly selective for a single state of mind. As the brain is an evolved organ, with higher order states emerging from lower order mechanisms, very few of its regions is so selective as to fully justify inferences of this kind.

Nevertheless, our results appear to make at least provisional sense of the emotional tone of belief. In addition, whatever larger role our regions of interest play in human cognition and behavior, they appear to respond similarly to putative statements of fact, irrespective of content, in the brains of both religious believers and nonbelievers.

The contrast, belief minus disbelief, revealed greater BOLD signal in the VMPFC (see Fig. 1, Table 1). The medial prefrontal cortex is known to have a high level of resting state activity and to show reduced activity compared to baseline for a wide variety of cognitive tasks [52]. BOLD signal in this region has often been associated with self-representation, particularly for verbal stimuli [3]: for instance, one sees smaller decreases in activity from baseline when subjects make judgments about themselves than when they make judgments about others [53]. This region has also been implicated in reward-related processing [54]. The smaller decrease in activity for belief compared to disbelief could reflect the greater self-relevance and/or reward value of true statements.
Our study was designed to produce high concordance on nonreligious stimuli (e.g., “Eagles really exist”) and high discordance on religious stimuli (e.g., “Angels really exist”).

The fact that we found essentially the same signal maps for belief minus disbelief in both groups, on both categories of content, argues strongly for the content-independence of belief and disbelief as cognitive processes. Despite the fact that religious believers and nonbelievers accepted and rejected diametrically opposite statements in half of our experimental trials, the same neural systems were engaged in both groups throughout.

This would seem to rule out the possibility that these results could be explained by any property of the stimuli apart from their being deemed “true” or “false” by the subjects in our study. The involvement of the VMPFC for belief is consistent with our earlier findings [1].

In our earlier study of belief, we found anterior insula signal to be associated with the contrast disbelief minus belief.

Kapogiannis et al. [2] also found signal in the insula to be correlated with the rejection of religious statements deemed false. The significance of the anterior insula for negative affect/appraisal has been discussed above. Because Kapogiannis et al. did not include a nonreligious control condition in their experiment, they interpreted the insula’s recruitment as a sign that violations of religious doctrine might provoke “aversion, guilt, or fear of loss” in people of faith.

Reducing the statistical thresholding in our present study did nominate the insula as a region of interest for disbelief, in both groups and on both categories of stimuli. However, these areas of signal did not survive our cluster thresholding.

Our previous study of belief, in which we explicitly modeled uncertainty, revealed greater signal in the ACC and adjacent regions of the superior frontal gyrus in the uncertainty condition. Given that our signal maps in the contrast religious minus nonreligious elicited this same pattern, we speculate that both groups experienced greater cognitive conflict and uncertainty while evaluating religious statements.

In support of this conjecture, we also note that our religious stimuli, while semantically and grammatically well matched to our nonreligious stimuli, incurred longer response times for both groups. This contrast also showed bilateral signal in the striatum and the anterior insulae. It is perhaps not surprising that the evaluation of religious statements would more fully engage regions of the brain responsive to emotional salience, both positive and negative.

The contrast religious minus nonreligious also showed increased signal in the medial parietal regions regularly associated with self-referential tasks. We note that a possible difference between responding to our religious and nonreligious stimuli is that, for both groups, a person’s answers could serve to affirm his or her identity: i.e. for every religious trial, Christians were explicitly affirming their religious worldview, while nonbelievers were explicitly denying the truth-claims of religion.

The opposite contrast, nonreligious minus religious, showed increased signal in left hemisphere memory networks. Thus, judgments about the nonreligious stimuli presented in our study seemed more dependent upon those brain systems involved in accessing stored knowledge.
Finally, several regions showed greater signal in both groups in response to “blasphemous” statements (i.e. those that ran counter to Christian doctrine).

The ventral striatum signal in this contrast suggests that decisions about these stimuli may have been more rewarding for both groups: Nonbelievers may take special pleasure in making assertions that explicitly negate religious doctrine, while Christians may enjoy rejecting such statements as false.

There is, of course, no reason to expect that any regions of the human brain be dedicated solely to belief and disbelief. Nevertheless, our work suggests that these opposing states of cognition can be discriminated by functional neuroimaging and are intimately tied to networks involved in self-representation and reward. Despite vast differences in the underlying processing responsible for religious and nonreligious modes of thought, the distinction between believing and disbelieving a proposition appears to transcend content.

These results may have many areas of application—ranging from the neuropsychology of religion, to the use of “belief-detection” as a surrogate for “lie-detection,” to understanding how the practice of science itself, and truth-claims generally, emerge from the biology of the human brain.

SOCIAL PARANORMAL INVOLVEMENT:

ASCENSION AWARENESS

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SHARERS, LIGHTWORKERS, GUIDES, TEACHERS, AUTHORS, SPEAKERS

EVENT - PRODUCTS & SERVICES

Alien Contact

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SCIENCE OF RELIGIONS

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Apocalypse

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Near Earth Objects

Planet Nibiru

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Ascension DNA Code Activation

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William Birnes

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BASES:

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SCIENCE OF RELIGIONS

1. ASPECTS & PROBLEMS
Origin of Religions
2. EXTINCT RELIGIONS